Introduction to Tourism in Australia Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Tourism and Hospitality. Answer: Tourism and hospitality Introduction Australia has very many interesting and attractive places and sites that tourists can consider visiting. For example, visitors can explore the marine and coastal experiences of the Bondi Beach when in the country. Correspondingly, the unique nature and wildlife of Kakadu National Park can be captivating (Hall, 2007). Besides, tourists should not miss the uniquely prepared food and wine particularly from Melbournes modern hotels and restaurants. Moreover, Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Opera House are UNESCO world heritage sites that should capture the mind of anyone visiting the country. Key points of the local attractions The experiences derived from some of the worlds most artistic and busiest performing arts centers when visiting Australia can be amazing. For instance, the numerous opera houses depict a unique heritage of the country. Also, operas excellent interior designs and splendid theaters and performances are equally incredible (Hall, 2007). Sydneys opera house, shaped like an enormous shell is currently listed as one of the UNESCOs world heritage centers. The opera is strategically located with royal botanic garden surroundings that are ideal for most tourists. Another viable tourist attraction is the Sydney Harbour Bridge which is one of the countrys most prominent features and is the largest steel arch bridge globally (Hall, 2007). The bridge is one of the great tourist attraction sites that an individual should seriously consider when visiting the country. Visitors can gain a guided access to the top of the bridge to enjoy the remarkable views over the harbor and Sydneys skyline. Approximately 81 km west of Sydney, there is also another spectacular Blue Mountains Park that is a viable tourist attraction (Hall, 2007). The park is protecting over 600, 000 acres of bush land and contain numerous geographical features such as gorges, unique waterfalls, and hiking trails. The scenic railway spectacularly whisking passengers down the ancient rainforest valley is amazingly beautiful. Furthermore, tourists visiting the opera will not mind the idea of hiking, rock climbing and mountain biking among other activities taking place in the park. Also, the Kakadu National Park is one of Australias remarkable tourist sites, and one of the worlds greatest wilderness region (Hall, 2007). Kakadu is the second largest national park in the world and has unique and exciting tourist attractions such as ancient rock paintings and a diversified wildlife. When tired with nature, visitors can consider a trip to Melbourne (the countrys second largest city that is located on the Yarra River) (Hall, 2007). The city is exceptionally is unbelievably green with numerous parks and gardens decorating the city. Finally, winding up Australias visit with a visit to Bondi Beach is an excellent idea. The beach is a 15-minites drive from Sydney and tourists can benefit from the peaceful walk along sandstone cliffs. How tourism system works According to Ling-Yun, Nao, Min (2012), tourism system refers to a group of consistent, symbiotic and relating elements in tourism. These three essential elements include the tourists, geographical aspects such as transit routes and destinations and the tourism industry. These three elements must be consistent, interdependent be able to interact effectively. For example, tourism industry can only function well with extensive connections (transit routes) based on various modes of transportation. Without every element of transportation, tourism is unavoidably difficult to facilitate. Also, tourism destination experiences such as accommodation and transportation among other tourism activities are fundamental for the industry (Ling-Yun, Nao, Min, 2012). Tourist purpose of visit for the chosen attractions Tourists can visit restaurants around the opera house to enjoy meals and to have a clear view and tour of the building. Tourists can also visit the studios and concert halls located in the building to relax and refresh themselves. The opera house is also a great site to take photographs when visiting Australia especially when aboard a harbor cruise (Hall, 2007). Notably, other than the historical and revitalization of the citys architectural framework such as the tall modern skyscraper, tourists will benefit from the serenity of the countrys rural dramatic sceneries. Thus, the modern day restaurants located in Melbourne with unique Australian cuisines captures the interest of most tourists. Conclusion In any viable economy, the significance of tourism as a vital source of economic growth cannot be underrated. For instance, through tourism, various jobs opening are created into an economy. Tourism also plays a significant role in the economic development of a particular region (Kasimo?lu Aydin, 2012). For example, tourism generates massive income to the local economies in the form of fee payments and purchase of various goods and services. Also, tourism is a vital social phenomenon that increases individuals knowledge about a particular society. Therefore, to increase the inflow of tourists into Australia, the countrys tourism board should enhance its destination marketing through the social media (Kasimo?lu Aydin, 2012). The state should also support local tourism by introducing more and lucrative paid holidays. The country can also avert the negative influence of tourism such as increased crimes through comprehensive training programs to address the best ways through which they can deal with the destructive impact of tourism. References Hall, C. M. (2007).Introduction to tourism in Australia: Development, issues and change. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Education Australia. Kasimo?lu, M., Aydin, H. (2012).Strategies for Tourism IndustryMicro and Macro Perspectives. InTech Prepress. Ling-Yun, Z., Nao, L., Min, L. (2012). On the Basic Concept of Smarter Tourism and Its Theoretical System.Tourism Tribune/Lvyou Xuekan,27(5).

Investigation of the Effect of Changing Concentration on the Rate of Reaction Essay Example Essay Example

Investigation of the Effect of Changing Concentration on the Rate of Reaction   Essay Example Paper Investigation of the Effect of Changing Concentration on the Rate of Reaction   Essay Introduction Set up the diagram shown above using the apparatus given. 50cm3 of HCL should be placed in the flask. It will be of 1mol/dm3 and will vary in concentration each time by diluting it with water to get concentrations of 0.2mol/dm3, 0.4mol/dm3, 0.6mol/dm3, 0.8mol/dm3 and 1mol/dm3. The results of the concentrations will give me a suitable graph. 8cm of mg ribbon will be placed in each concentration of HCL as this length will give me sufficient time to record accurate results, but not too much time that I’m waiting around for the experiment to end. I will record the amount of hydrogen given off every 10secs so I can record a significant change in volume on each recording. Also for each reaction the flask will be placed in a jar full of cold tap water to act as a water bath to keep the temperature constant, as the experiment is exothermic. And to make the results reliable I will repeat each reaction twice, thrice if necessary. Concentration Table Concentration (mol/dm3) Volume of HCL (cm3) Investigation of the Effect of Changing Concentration on the Rate of Reaction   Essay Body Paragraphs Volume of water (cm3) 1.0 50 0 0.8 40 10 0.6 30 20 0.4 20 30 0.2 10 40 Reasons for Method I have worked out that 0.1g of mg will give me 100cm3 of hydrogen. 8cm of mg is approx. 0.08g and should give me 80cm3 of hydrogen. Also I have chosen 50cm3 of solution to try and keep the temperature constant as the temperature wont rise as fast in larger solutions, I have also tried to prevent a temperature increase by using a water bath. I also worked out that 8.3cm3 of hydrogen is the least I can gain from 8cm of mg. Also a burette is used to make the volumes of solutions used as accurate as possible, and the experiments are repeated to make sure that the results are reliable. Prediction In our experiment we will change the concentration of the HCL used to react with a ribbon of mg. I think that the higher the concentration of HCL the faster the rate of reaction. The rate of reaction increases due to the collision theory: increasing the concentration simply means increasing the number of par ticles, which can collide and react. And the more successful collisions per second mean a faster rate of reaction. The temperature of the experiment will also affect the rate of reaction due to collision theory; at a higher temperature there will be more particles of activation energy, increasing the chances of a successful collision, also there will be enough energy to break the bonds. Key Variables Keeping the temperature constant is one of the problems I will encounter during the experiment. This is because the experiment is exothermic (gives off heat). This will greatly affect the rate of reaction as the higher the temp the more energy the particles have to break the bonds and the particles will move faster and more particles will be of activation energy and the percentage of successful reactions will rise. Also going back to temperature, when the temperature of most reactions is increased by 10 degrees Celsius the rate of reaction is doubled, as temperature and rate of reaction are directionally proportional, this emphasises the importance of temperature Another variable, which will have to be kept constant, is the amount of mg used in the reactions. If there is more mg in one reaction than another then that means that the rate of reactions will happen faster as there are more particles to react with and the chances of a successful collision will rise. The third variable to be kept constant is the surface area of the mg. Surface area is important as the more of the surface of the mg exposed the higher the number of particles of mg the HCL can react with, increasing the rate of reaction. So all of the mg particles should be coiled the same way so the area of mg exposed is the same in each reaction. The fourth variable to be kept constant is the volume of solution used, because if the amount of solution is changed the it will be easier for a smaller volume of solution to heat up than a large volume of solution and as I have explained, temperature would alte r the results dramatically, ‘when the temperature of most reactions is increased by 10 degrees Celsius the rate of reaction is doubled, as temperature and rate of reaction are directionally proportional’. Results 1 Time (sec) 0.2 mol/dm3 0.4 mol/dm3 0.6 mol/dm3 0.8 mol/dm3 1.0 mol/dm3 10 1.5 5 9.5 15 27 20 2 8 16 29 50 30 3 10.5 22 41 70 40 3.5 13 27.5 53 82 50 4 15.5 34 64 84 60 4.5 18 39.5 73 84 70 5 20.5 45 77 84 80 5.5 23.5 49.5 78 84 90 6 25.5 55 80 84 100 6.5 28.5 59.5 82 84 110 7 31 64 82 84 120 8 32.5 69 82 84 Results 2 Time (sec) 0.2 mol/dm3 0.4 mol/dm3 0.6 mol/dm3 0.8 mol/dm3 1.0 mol/dm3 10 2 4 10 16 30 20 2.5 6 14 31 52 30 3 9 20 43 73 40 4 12.5 25 55 82.5 50 5 14 31 64 85 60 5.5 17 37 75 85 70 6 20 42 78 85 80 6.5 23 46 80 85 90 7 26 52 83 85 100 7.5 28.5 57 84.5 85 110 8 31.5 61 84.5 85 120 9 32.5 65 85 85 Average Results Time (sec) 0.2 mol/dm3 0.4 mol/dm3 0.6 mol/dm3 0.8 mol/dm3 1.0 mol/dm3 10 2 5 10 16 28 20 2 7 15 30 51 30 3 12 21 42 72 40 4 13 26 54 82 50 5 15 33 64 85 60 5 18 38 74 85 70 6 20 44 78 85 80 6 23 48 79 85 90 7 26 56 82 85 100 7 29 58 83 85 110 8 31 63 83 85 120 9 33 67 84 85 Analysis The results I gained from each experiment were all very accurate and each set of results proved to be reliable by not being more than 10cm3 away from each other. There is a noticeable pattern represented on the graph. The graph shows that the higher the concentration of HCL, the faster the mg reacted with it; on the graph this is shown by the steepness of the lines. With 1mol/dm3 it takes 10secs to make 28cm3 of hydrogen whereas with 0.4mol/dm3 it takes 100secs to make just 28.5cm3 of hydrogen. There isn’t an exact pattern but if the experiment was 100% accurate there may have been a pattern as the average results table shows that when the concentration is increased by 0.2mol/dm3 the amount of gas produced in 10secs isn’t far from doubling. Temperature hasn’t been too much of a problem but it may have been temperatur e, which stopped the pattern from forming. The experiment did heat up quite a bit with the higher concentrations but this is because the experiments are exothermic so its was bound to give off quite a lot of heat, especially when high concentrations wee used. The results I have gained have complemented my predictions perfectly as they fitted with what I had predicted. Evaluation During the experiment there were not very many anomalies as the results that I obtained were very accurate. One of the most obvious anomalies was with the concentration of 0.6mol/dm3 at the 80second point, but I would not put this down to human error, as it isn’t really that big of an anomaly, it may have been caused from the apparatus we had to use. One of the problems with the apparatus was when we dropped the mg into flask of HCL as some of the gas escaped, as it was impossible to block the flask with the bung before the reaction started, and at 0.6mol/dm3 the reaction happened quite fast. To get a round this problem we could have used flasks with longer necks so that we could block the flask up before the mg and HCL began reacting as the mg would take longer to reach the HCL. Furthermore the gas syringes were pumped up a bit with air when the bungs were put in the flasks as air was forced into the flask, through the tubing and into the syringe, this is probably why my readings at 0seconds start at 1cm3 of gas, but there is no sensible way of getting around this problem Another problem with apparatus was that it was not entirely clean as it had been used quite a lot before hand, the flask we used had numerous stains in it that couldn’t be cleaned of and because we don’t know what sort of stains these were there is no way of knowing exactly how the effected the experiment. Also we could not inspect the inner part of the connecting tube, so if it was a little bit clogged up inside it could have slowed the amount of hydrogen rushing into the syringe which would give us inaccurate rates of reactions. Also the iron wool could have been more effective if it was courser, by the time one part if the mg was cleaned another part needed a second cleaning as it took quite some time to all of the magnesium oxide off. The final problem was the syringe, it kept on stick and didn’t move as smoothly as I would have liked it, although we twisted it to loosen it I don’t feel this was sufficient and some sort of lubrication should have been used. The best thing that we could have done with the apparatus was to replace it all with new apparatus that had not been used so there was no chemical stains on it and everything that had to move did so very smoothly i.e. the flask and tubing and the syringe. Before we started this experiment we done another experiment to find out what length of mg to use for this experiment and we used a syringe in this experiment so we were able to find out hat by twisting the inner part of the syringe we could loosen it, this turned out to be very useful for this experiment as we were able to increase the accuracy of the results. If we were to do another experiment using another variable I would use temperature as the variable and keep the concentration and length of mg constant. In this experiment I know that the rate of reaction would increase with temperature due to collision theory ‘the higher the temp the more energy the particles have to break the bonds and the particles will move faster and more particles will be of activation energy and the percentage of successful reactions will rise’. 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Leadership Essay Samples

Leadership Essay SamplesThe goal of writers who use The Seduce the Boss' Essay as a guide or resource to help them create their own samples is that they will be able to deliver powerful writing that can increase their chances of getting hired by their bosses. So what do writers typically look for in this writing tool? Here are the qualities that they look for when making use of The Seduce the Boss' Essay as a reference.Think of how many times you have heard someone, perhaps your boss, say, 'Yeah, he knows what he's talking about but a big number of times he does not.' What makes a good leadership essay samples? We will look at the qualities that make for an excellent one.The first thing that you must understand is that the longer the essay, the better it is, as long as the writing style is one where the essay is well structured and paced, and that it is written in short paragraphs. The reason for this is simple. In an essay that is too long, the author has to expend much energy convi ncing the reader that he/she has a point to make. In fact, if the essay becomes too long, the entire thing may seem like a lengthy dissertation that lacks meaning. Using The Seduce the Boss' Essay as a reference, write short.Next, make sure that you focus on the points that you would like to make. Try to keep your essay focused on a single topic. For example, you could write about one aspect of the job in general and then add an insight into how to handle another aspect of the job in particular.Lastly, make sure that the essay is original. Most importantly, do not plagiarize. First, plagiarism will not help you get a promotion and second, if you do plagiarize, you are not likely to be noticed and hence the better your chances of getting hired will go down significantly. Do remember that The Seduce the Boss' Essay was designed as a reference tool.With these tips in mind, take a look at what others have to say about leadership essay samples. Reading other reviews will help you determi ne whether it is indeed the right choice for you. Also, take note of which things people emphasize the most and avoid them at all costs.While this does not mean that you cannot write your own leadership essay samples, it will certainly help. In addition, take a look at what works and what does not. Then try to replicate these things in your own piece.So, make sure you go back to The Seduce the Boss' Essay and study the sample that so many people have used. Good luck.

Ted Sorensen on the Kennedy Style of Speech-Writing

Ted Sorensen on the Kennedy Style of Speech-Writing In his final book, Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History (2008), Ted Sorensen offered a prediction: I have little doubt that, when my time comes, my obituary in the New York Times (misspelling my last name once again) will be captioned: Theodore Sorenson, Kennedy Speechwriter. On November 1, 2010, the Times got the spelling right: Theodore C. Sorensen, 82, Kennedy Counselor, Dies. And though Sorensen did serve as ​a counselor and alter ego to John F. Kennedy from January 1953 to November 22, 1963, Kennedy Speechwriter was indeed his defining role. A graduate of the University of Nebraskas law school, Sorensen arrived in Washington, D.C. unbelievably green, as he later admitted. I had no legislative experience, no political experience. Id never written a speech. Id hardly been out of Nebraska. Nevertheless, Sorensen was soon called on to help write Senator Kennedys Pulitzer Prize-winning book Profiles in Courage (1955). He went on to co-author some of the most memorable presidential speeches of the last century, including Kennedys inaugural address, the Ich bin ein Berliner speech, and the American University commencement address on peace. Though most historians agree that Sorensen was the primary author of these eloquent and influential speeches, Sorensen himself maintained that Kennedy was the true author. As he said to Robert Schlesinger, If a man in a high office speaks words which convey his principles and policies and ideas and hes willing to stand behind them and take whatever blame or therefore credit go with them, [the speech is] his (White House Ghosts: Presidents and Their Speechwriters, 2008). In Kennedy, a book published two years after the presidents assassination, Sorensen spelled out some of the distinctive qualities of the Kennedy style of speech-writing. Youd be hard-pressed to find a more sensible list of tips for speakers. While our own orations may not be quite as momentous as a presidents, many of Kennedys rhetorical strategies are worth emulating, regardless of the occasion or the size of the audience. So the next time you address your colleagues or classmates from the front of the room, keep these principles in mind. The Kennedy Style of Speech-Writing The Kennedy style of speech-writingour style, I am not reluctant to say, for he never pretended that he had time to prepare first drafts for all his speechesevolved gradually over the years. . . .We were not conscious of following the elaborate techniques later ascribed to these speeches by literary analysts. Neither of us had any special training in composition, linguistics or semantics. Our chief criterion was always audience comprehension and comfort, and this meant: (1) short speeches, short clauses and short words, wherever possible; (2) a series of points or propositions in numbered or logical sequence wherever appropriate; and (3) the construction of sentences, phrases and paragraphs in such a manner as to simplify, clarify and emphasize.The test of a text was not how it appeared to the eye, but how it sounded to the ear. His best paragraphs, when read aloud, often had a cadence not unlike blank verseindeed at times key words would rhyme. He was fond of alliterative sentences, not solely for reasons of rhetoric but to reinforce the audiences recollection of his reasoning. Sentences began, however incorrect some may have regarded it, with And or But whenever that simplified and shortened the text. His frequent use of dashes was of doubtful grammatical standingbut it simplified the delivery and even the publication of a speech in a manner no comma, parenthesis or semicolon could match.Words were regarded as tools of precision, to be chosen and applied with a craftsmans care to whatever the situation required. He liked to be exact. But if the situation required a certain vagueness, he would deliberately choose a word of varying interpretations rather than bury his imprecision in ponderous prose.For he disliked verbosity and pomposity in his own remarks as much as he disliked them in others. He wanted both his message and his language to be plain and unpretentious, but never patronizing. He wanted his major policy statements to be positive, specific and defi nite, avoiding the use of suggest, perhaps and possible alternatives for consideration. At the same time, his emphasis on a course of reasonrejecting the extremes of either sidehelped produce the parallel construction and use of contrasts with which he later became identified. He had a weakness for one unnecessary phrase: The harsh facts of the matter are . . .but with few other exceptions his sentences were lean and crisp. . . .He used little or no slang, dialect, legalistic terms, contractions, clichà ©s, elaborate metaphors or ornate figures of speech. He refused to be folksy or to include any phrase or image he considered corny, tasteless or trite. He rarely used words he considered hackneyed: humble, dynamic, glorious. He used none of the customary word fillers (e.g., And I say to you that is a legitimate question and here is my answer). And he did not hesitate to depart from strict rules of English usage when he thought adherence to them (e.g., Our agenda are long) would grat e on the listeners ear.No speech was more than 20 to 30 minutes in duration. They were all too short and too crowded with facts to permit any excess of generalities and sentimentalities. His texts wasted no words and his delivery wasted no time.(Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy. Harper Row, 1965. Reprinted in 2009 as Kennedy: The Classic Biography) To those who question the value of rhetoric, dismissing all political speeches as mere words or style over substance, Sorensen had an answer. Kennedys rhetoric when he was president turned out to be a key to his success, he told an interviewer in 2008. His mere words about Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba helped resolve the worst crisis the world has ever known without the U.S. having to fire a shot. Similarly, in a New York Times op-ed published two months before his death, Sorensen countered several myths about the Kennedy-Nixon debates, including the view that it was style over substance, with Kennedy winning on delivery and looks. In the first debate, Sorensen argued, there was far more substance and nuance than in what now passes for political debate in our increasingly commercialized, sound-bite Twitter-fied culture, in which extremist rhetoric requires presidents to respond to outrageous claims. To learn more about the rhetoric and oratory of John Kennedy and Ted Sorensen, have a look at Thurston Clarkes Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America, published by Henry Holt in 2004 and now available in a Penguin paperback.

Biography of Aurangzeb, Emperor of Mughal India

Biography of Aurangzeb, Emperor of Mughal India Emperor Aurangzeb of Indias Mughal Dynasty (November 3, 1618–March 3, 1707) was a ruthless leader who, despite his willingness to take the throne over the bodies of his brothers, went on to create a golden age of Indian civilization. An orthodox  Sunni Muslim, he reinstated taxes and laws penalizing Hindus and imposing Sharia law. At the same time, however, he greatly expanded the Mughal empire and was described by his contemporaries as being disciplined, pious, and intelligent. Fast Facts: Aurangzeb Known For: Emperor of India; builder of the Taj MahalAlso Known As: Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad, AlamgirBorn: November 3, 1618  in Dahod, IndiaParents: Shah Jahan,  Mumtaz MahalDied: March 3, 1707  in Bhingar, Ahmednagar, IndiaSpouse(s): Nawab Bai,  Dilras Banu Begum,  Aurangabadi MahalChildren: Zeb-un-Nissa, Muhammad Sultan, Zinat-un-Nissa, Bahadur Shah I, Badr-un-Nissa, Zubdat-un-Nissa, Muhammad Azam Shah, Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mehr-un-Nissa, Muhammad Kam BakhshNotable Quote: Strange, that I came into the world with nothing, and now I am going away with this stupendous caravan of sin! Wherever I look, I see only God...I have sinned terribly, and I do not know what punishment awaits me. (supposedly communicated on his deathbed) Early Life Aurangzeb was born on November 3, 1618, the third son of Prince Khurram (who would become  Emperor Shah Jahan) and the Persian princess Arjumand Bano Begam. His mother is more commonly known as Mumtaz Mahal, Beloved Jewel of the Palace. She later inspired Shah Jahan to build the Taj Mahal. During Aurangzebs childhood, however, Mughal politics made life difficult for the family. Succession did not necessarily fall to the eldest son. Instead, the sons built armies and competed militarily for the throne. Prince Khurram was the favorite to become the next emperor, and his father bestowed the title Shah Jahan Bahadur, or Brave King of the World, on the young man. In 1622, however, when Aurangzeb was 4 years old, Prince Khurram learned that his stepmother was supporting a younger brothers claim to the throne. The prince revolted against his father  but was defeated after four years. Aurangzeb and a brother were sent to their grandfathers court as hostages. When Shah Jahans father died in 1627, the rebel prince became Emperor of the Mughal Empire. The 9-year-old Aurangzeb was reunited with his parents at Agra in 1628. The young Aurangzeb studied statecraft and military tactics, the Quran, and languages in preparation for his future role. Shah Jahan, however, favored his first son Dara Shikoh and believed that he had the potential to become the next Mughal emperor. Aurangzeb, Military Leader The 15-year-old Aurangzeb proved his courage in 1633. All of Shah Jahans court was arrayed in a pavilion and watching an elephant fight when one of the elephants ran out of control. As it thundered toward the royal family, everyone scattered except Aurangzeb, who ran forward and headed off the furious pachyderm. This act of near-suicidal bravery raised Aurangzebs status in the family. The following year, the teenager got command of an army of 10,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry; he soon was dispatched to put down the Bundela rebellion. When he was 18, the young prince was appointed viceroy of the Deccan region, south of the Mughal heartland. When Aurangzebs sister died in a fire in 1644, he took three weeks to return home to Agra rather than rushing back immediately. Shah Jahan was so angry about his tardiness that he stripped Aurangzeb of his viceroy of Deccan title. Relations between the two deteriorated the following year, and Aurangzeb was banished from court. He bitterly accused the emperor of favoring Dara Shikoh. Shah Jahan needed all of his sons in order to run his huge empire, however, so in 1646 he appointed Aurangzeb governor of Gujarat. The following year, the 28-year-old Aurangzeb also took up the governorships of Balkh (Afghanistan) and Badakhshan (Tajikistan) on the empires vulnerable northern flank. Although Aurangzeb had a lot of success in extending Mughal rule north and westward, in 1652 he failed to take the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan from the Safavids. His father again recalled him to the capital. Aurangzeb would not languish in Agra for long, though; that same year, he was sent south to govern the Deccan once more. Aurangzeb Fights for the Throne In late 1657, Shah Jahan became ill. His beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal had died in 1631 and he never really got over her loss. As his condition worsened, his four sons by Mumtaz began to fight for the Peacock Throne. Shah Jahan favored the eldest son Dara, but many Muslims considered him too worldly and irreligious. Shuja, the second son, was a hedonist who used his position as governor of Bengal as a platform for acquiring beautiful women and wine. Aurangzeb, a much more committed Muslim than either of the elder brothers, saw his chance to rally the faithful behind his own banner. Aurangzeb craftily recruited his younger brother Murad, convincing him that together they could remove Dara and Shuja and place Murad on the throne. Aurangzeb disavowed any plans to rule himself, claiming that his only ambition was to make the hajj to Mecca. Later in 1658 as the combined armies of Murad and Aurangzeb moved north toward the capital, Shah Jahan recovered his health. Dara, who had crowned himself regent, stepped aside. The three younger brothers refused to believe that Shah Jahan was well, though, and converged on Agra, where they defeated Daras army. Dara fled north but was betrayed by a Baluchi chieftain and brought back to Agra in June 1659. Aurangzeb had him executed for apostasy from Islam and presented his head to their father. Shuja also fled to Arakan (Burma) and was executed there. Meanwhile, Aurangzeb had his former ally Murad executed on trumped-up murder charges in 1661. In addition to disposing of all of his rival brothers, the new Mughal Emperor placed his father under house arrest in Agra Fort. Shah Jahan lived there for eight years, until 1666. He spent most of his time in bed, gazing out the window at the Taj Mahal. The Reign of Aurangzeb Aurangzebs 48-year reign is often cited as a Golden Age of the Mughal Empire, but it was rife with trouble and rebellions. Although Mughal rulers from Akbar the Great through Shah Jahan practiced a remarkable degree of religious tolerance and were great patrons of the arts, Aurangzeb reversed both of these policies. He practiced a much more orthodox, even fundamentalist version of Islam, going so far as to outlaw music and other performances in 1668. Both Muslims and Hindus were forbidden to sing, play musical instruments, or to dance- a serious damper on the traditions of both faiths in India. Aurangzeb also ordered the destruction of Hindu temples, although the exact number is not known. Estimates range from under 100 to tens of thousands. In addition, he ordered the enslavement of Christian missionaries. Aurangzeb expanded Mughal rule both north and south, but his constant military campaigns and religious intolerance rankled many of his subjects. He did not hesitate to torture and kill prisoners of war, political prisoners, and anyone he considered un-Islamic. To make matters worse, the empire became over-extended and Aurangzeb imposed ever higher taxes in order to pay for his wars. The Mughal army was never able to completely quash Hindu resistance in the Deccan, and the Sikhs of northern Punjab rose up against Aurangzeb repeatedly throughout his reign. Perhaps most worryingly for the Mughal emperor, he relied heavily on Rajput warriors, who by this time formed the backbone of his southern army and were faithful Hindus. Although they were displeased with his policies, they did not abandon Aurangzeb during his lifetime, but they revolted against his son as soon as the emperor died. Perhaps the most disastrous revolt of all was the Pashtun Rebellion of 1672–1674. Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, came from Afghanistan to conquer India, and the family had always relied upon the fierce Pashtun tribesmen of Afghanistan and what is now Pakistan to secure the northern borderlands. Charges that a Mughal governor was molesting tribal women sparked a revolt among the Pashtuns, which led to a complete breakdown of control over the northern tier of the empire and its critical trade routes. Death On March 3, 1707, the 88-year-old Aurangzeb died in central India. He left an empire stretched to the breaking point and riddled with rebellions. Under his son Bahadur Shah I, the Mughal Dynasty began its long, slow decline into oblivion, which finally ended when the British sent the last emperor into exile in 1858  and established the British Raj in India. Legacy Emperor Aurangzeb is considered to be the last of the Great Mughals. However, his ruthlessness, treachery, and intolerance surely contributed to the weakening of the once-great empire. Perhaps Aurangzebs early experiences of being held hostage by his grandfather and being constantly overlooked by his father warped the young princes personality. Certainly, the lack of a specified line of succession did not make family life particularly easy. The brothers must have grown up knowing that one day they would have to fight one another for power. In any case, Aurangzeb was a fearless man who knew what he had to do in order to survive. Unfortunately, his choices left the Mughal Empire itself far less able to fend off foreign imperialism in the end. Sources Ikram, S.M, Ed. Ainslie T. Embree.  Muslim Civilization in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.Spear, T.G. Percival. â€Å"Aurangzeb.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 27 Feb. 2019.Truschke, Audrey. â€Å"The Great Aurangzeb Is Everybodys Least Favourite Mughal.†Ã‚  Aeon, 4 Apr. 2019.

Biography of Aurangzeb, Emperor of Mughal India

Biography of Aurangzeb, Emperor of Mughal India Emperor Aurangzeb of Indias Mughal Dynasty (November 3, 1618–March 3, 1707) was a ruthless leader who, despite his willingness to take the throne over the bodies of his brothers, went on to create a golden age of Indian civilization. An orthodox  Sunni Muslim, he reinstated taxes and laws penalizing Hindus and imposing Sharia law. At the same time, however, he greatly expanded the Mughal empire and was described by his contemporaries as being disciplined, pious, and intelligent. Fast Facts: Aurangzeb Known For: Emperor of India; builder of the Taj MahalAlso Known As: Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad, AlamgirBorn: November 3, 1618  in Dahod, IndiaParents: Shah Jahan,  Mumtaz MahalDied: March 3, 1707  in Bhingar, Ahmednagar, IndiaSpouse(s): Nawab Bai,  Dilras Banu Begum,  Aurangabadi MahalChildren: Zeb-un-Nissa, Muhammad Sultan, Zinat-un-Nissa, Bahadur Shah I, Badr-un-Nissa, Zubdat-un-Nissa, Muhammad Azam Shah, Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mehr-un-Nissa, Muhammad Kam BakhshNotable Quote: Strange, that I came into the world with nothing, and now I am going away with this stupendous caravan of sin! Wherever I look, I see only God...I have sinned terribly, and I do not know what punishment awaits me. (supposedly communicated on his deathbed) Early Life Aurangzeb was born on November 3, 1618, the third son of Prince Khurram (who would become  Emperor Shah Jahan) and the Persian princess Arjumand Bano Begam. His mother is more commonly known as Mumtaz Mahal, Beloved Jewel of the Palace. She later inspired Shah Jahan to build the Taj Mahal. During Aurangzebs childhood, however, Mughal politics made life difficult for the family. Succession did not necessarily fall to the eldest son. Instead, the sons built armies and competed militarily for the throne. Prince Khurram was the favorite to become the next emperor, and his father bestowed the title Shah Jahan Bahadur, or Brave King of the World, on the young man. In 1622, however, when Aurangzeb was 4 years old, Prince Khurram learned that his stepmother was supporting a younger brothers claim to the throne. The prince revolted against his father  but was defeated after four years. Aurangzeb and a brother were sent to their grandfathers court as hostages. When Shah Jahans father died in 1627, the rebel prince became Emperor of the Mughal Empire. The 9-year-old Aurangzeb was reunited with his parents at Agra in 1628. The young Aurangzeb studied statecraft and military tactics, the Quran, and languages in preparation for his future role. Shah Jahan, however, favored his first son Dara Shikoh and believed that he had the potential to become the next Mughal emperor. Aurangzeb, Military Leader The 15-year-old Aurangzeb proved his courage in 1633. All of Shah Jahans court was arrayed in a pavilion and watching an elephant fight when one of the elephants ran out of control. As it thundered toward the royal family, everyone scattered except Aurangzeb, who ran forward and headed off the furious pachyderm. This act of near-suicidal bravery raised Aurangzebs status in the family. The following year, the teenager got command of an army of 10,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry; he soon was dispatched to put down the Bundela rebellion. When he was 18, the young prince was appointed viceroy of the Deccan region, south of the Mughal heartland. When Aurangzebs sister died in a fire in 1644, he took three weeks to return home to Agra rather than rushing back immediately. Shah Jahan was so angry about his tardiness that he stripped Aurangzeb of his viceroy of Deccan title. Relations between the two deteriorated the following year, and Aurangzeb was banished from court. He bitterly accused the emperor of favoring Dara Shikoh. Shah Jahan needed all of his sons in order to run his huge empire, however, so in 1646 he appointed Aurangzeb governor of Gujarat. The following year, the 28-year-old Aurangzeb also took up the governorships of Balkh (Afghanistan) and Badakhshan (Tajikistan) on the empires vulnerable northern flank. Although Aurangzeb had a lot of success in extending Mughal rule north and westward, in 1652 he failed to take the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan from the Safavids. His father again recalled him to the capital. Aurangzeb would not languish in Agra for long, though; that same year, he was sent south to govern the Deccan once more. Aurangzeb Fights for the Throne In late 1657, Shah Jahan became ill. His beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal had died in 1631 and he never really got over her loss. As his condition worsened, his four sons by Mumtaz began to fight for the Peacock Throne. Shah Jahan favored the eldest son Dara, but many Muslims considered him too worldly and irreligious. Shuja, the second son, was a hedonist who used his position as governor of Bengal as a platform for acquiring beautiful women and wine. Aurangzeb, a much more committed Muslim than either of the elder brothers, saw his chance to rally the faithful behind his own banner. Aurangzeb craftily recruited his younger brother Murad, convincing him that together they could remove Dara and Shuja and place Murad on the throne. Aurangzeb disavowed any plans to rule himself, claiming that his only ambition was to make the hajj to Mecca. Later in 1658 as the combined armies of Murad and Aurangzeb moved north toward the capital, Shah Jahan recovered his health. Dara, who had crowned himself regent, stepped aside. The three younger brothers refused to believe that Shah Jahan was well, though, and converged on Agra, where they defeated Daras army. Dara fled north but was betrayed by a Baluchi chieftain and brought back to Agra in June 1659. Aurangzeb had him executed for apostasy from Islam and presented his head to their father. Shuja also fled to Arakan (Burma) and was executed there. Meanwhile, Aurangzeb had his former ally Murad executed on trumped-up murder charges in 1661. In addition to disposing of all of his rival brothers, the new Mughal Emperor placed his father under house arrest in Agra Fort. Shah Jahan lived there for eight years, until 1666. He spent most of his time in bed, gazing out the window at the Taj Mahal. The Reign of Aurangzeb Aurangzebs 48-year reign is often cited as a Golden Age of the Mughal Empire, but it was rife with trouble and rebellions. Although Mughal rulers from Akbar the Great through Shah Jahan practiced a remarkable degree of religious tolerance and were great patrons of the arts, Aurangzeb reversed both of these policies. He practiced a much more orthodox, even fundamentalist version of Islam, going so far as to outlaw music and other performances in 1668. Both Muslims and Hindus were forbidden to sing, play musical instruments, or to dance- a serious damper on the traditions of both faiths in India. Aurangzeb also ordered the destruction of Hindu temples, although the exact number is not known. Estimates range from under 100 to tens of thousands. In addition, he ordered the enslavement of Christian missionaries. Aurangzeb expanded Mughal rule both north and south, but his constant military campaigns and religious intolerance rankled many of his subjects. He did not hesitate to torture and kill prisoners of war, political prisoners, and anyone he considered un-Islamic. To make matters worse, the empire became over-extended and Aurangzeb imposed ever higher taxes in order to pay for his wars. The Mughal army was never able to completely quash Hindu resistance in the Deccan, and the Sikhs of northern Punjab rose up against Aurangzeb repeatedly throughout his reign. Perhaps most worryingly for the Mughal emperor, he relied heavily on Rajput warriors, who by this time formed the backbone of his southern army and were faithful Hindus. Although they were displeased with his policies, they did not abandon Aurangzeb during his lifetime, but they revolted against his son as soon as the emperor died. Perhaps the most disastrous revolt of all was the Pashtun Rebellion of 1672–1674. Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, came from Afghanistan to conquer India, and the family had always relied upon the fierce Pashtun tribesmen of Afghanistan and what is now Pakistan to secure the northern borderlands. Charges that a Mughal governor was molesting tribal women sparked a revolt among the Pashtuns, which led to a complete breakdown of control over the northern tier of the empire and its critical trade routes. Death On March 3, 1707, the 88-year-old Aurangzeb died in central India. He left an empire stretched to the breaking point and riddled with rebellions. Under his son Bahadur Shah I, the Mughal Dynasty began its long, slow decline into oblivion, which finally ended when the British sent the last emperor into exile in 1858  and established the British Raj in India. Legacy Emperor Aurangzeb is considered to be the last of the Great Mughals. However, his ruthlessness, treachery, and intolerance surely contributed to the weakening of the once-great empire. Perhaps Aurangzebs early experiences of being held hostage by his grandfather and being constantly overlooked by his father warped the young princes personality. Certainly, the lack of a specified line of succession did not make family life particularly easy. The brothers must have grown up knowing that one day they would have to fight one another for power. In any case, Aurangzeb was a fearless man who knew what he had to do in order to survive. Unfortunately, his choices left the Mughal Empire itself far less able to fend off foreign imperialism in the end. Sources Ikram, S.M, Ed. Ainslie T. Embree.  Muslim Civilization in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.Spear, T.G. Percival. â€Å"Aurangzeb.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 27 Feb. 2019.Truschke, Audrey. â€Å"The Great Aurangzeb Is Everybodys Least Favourite Mughal.†Ã‚  Aeon, 4 Apr. 2019.

Biography of Aurangzeb, Emperor of Mughal India

Biography of Aurangzeb, Emperor of Mughal India Emperor Aurangzeb of Indias Mughal Dynasty (November 3, 1618–March 3, 1707) was a ruthless leader who, despite his willingness to take the throne over the bodies of his brothers, went on to create a golden age of Indian civilization. An orthodox  Sunni Muslim, he reinstated taxes and laws penalizing Hindus and imposing Sharia law. At the same time, however, he greatly expanded the Mughal empire and was described by his contemporaries as being disciplined, pious, and intelligent. Fast Facts: Aurangzeb Known For: Emperor of India; builder of the Taj MahalAlso Known As: Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad, AlamgirBorn: November 3, 1618  in Dahod, IndiaParents: Shah Jahan,  Mumtaz MahalDied: March 3, 1707  in Bhingar, Ahmednagar, IndiaSpouse(s): Nawab Bai,  Dilras Banu Begum,  Aurangabadi MahalChildren: Zeb-un-Nissa, Muhammad Sultan, Zinat-un-Nissa, Bahadur Shah I, Badr-un-Nissa, Zubdat-un-Nissa, Muhammad Azam Shah, Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mehr-un-Nissa, Muhammad Kam BakhshNotable Quote: Strange, that I came into the world with nothing, and now I am going away with this stupendous caravan of sin! Wherever I look, I see only God...I have sinned terribly, and I do not know what punishment awaits me. (supposedly communicated on his deathbed) Early Life Aurangzeb was born on November 3, 1618, the third son of Prince Khurram (who would become  Emperor Shah Jahan) and the Persian princess Arjumand Bano Begam. His mother is more commonly known as Mumtaz Mahal, Beloved Jewel of the Palace. She later inspired Shah Jahan to build the Taj Mahal. During Aurangzebs childhood, however, Mughal politics made life difficult for the family. Succession did not necessarily fall to the eldest son. Instead, the sons built armies and competed militarily for the throne. Prince Khurram was the favorite to become the next emperor, and his father bestowed the title Shah Jahan Bahadur, or Brave King of the World, on the young man. In 1622, however, when Aurangzeb was 4 years old, Prince Khurram learned that his stepmother was supporting a younger brothers claim to the throne. The prince revolted against his father  but was defeated after four years. Aurangzeb and a brother were sent to their grandfathers court as hostages. When Shah Jahans father died in 1627, the rebel prince became Emperor of the Mughal Empire. The 9-year-old Aurangzeb was reunited with his parents at Agra in 1628. The young Aurangzeb studied statecraft and military tactics, the Quran, and languages in preparation for his future role. Shah Jahan, however, favored his first son Dara Shikoh and believed that he had the potential to become the next Mughal emperor. Aurangzeb, Military Leader The 15-year-old Aurangzeb proved his courage in 1633. All of Shah Jahans court was arrayed in a pavilion and watching an elephant fight when one of the elephants ran out of control. As it thundered toward the royal family, everyone scattered except Aurangzeb, who ran forward and headed off the furious pachyderm. This act of near-suicidal bravery raised Aurangzebs status in the family. The following year, the teenager got command of an army of 10,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry; he soon was dispatched to put down the Bundela rebellion. When he was 18, the young prince was appointed viceroy of the Deccan region, south of the Mughal heartland. When Aurangzebs sister died in a fire in 1644, he took three weeks to return home to Agra rather than rushing back immediately. Shah Jahan was so angry about his tardiness that he stripped Aurangzeb of his viceroy of Deccan title. Relations between the two deteriorated the following year, and Aurangzeb was banished from court. He bitterly accused the emperor of favoring Dara Shikoh. Shah Jahan needed all of his sons in order to run his huge empire, however, so in 1646 he appointed Aurangzeb governor of Gujarat. The following year, the 28-year-old Aurangzeb also took up the governorships of Balkh (Afghanistan) and Badakhshan (Tajikistan) on the empires vulnerable northern flank. Although Aurangzeb had a lot of success in extending Mughal rule north and westward, in 1652 he failed to take the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan from the Safavids. His father again recalled him to the capital. Aurangzeb would not languish in Agra for long, though; that same year, he was sent south to govern the Deccan once more. Aurangzeb Fights for the Throne In late 1657, Shah Jahan became ill. His beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal had died in 1631 and he never really got over her loss. As his condition worsened, his four sons by Mumtaz began to fight for the Peacock Throne. Shah Jahan favored the eldest son Dara, but many Muslims considered him too worldly and irreligious. Shuja, the second son, was a hedonist who used his position as governor of Bengal as a platform for acquiring beautiful women and wine. Aurangzeb, a much more committed Muslim than either of the elder brothers, saw his chance to rally the faithful behind his own banner. Aurangzeb craftily recruited his younger brother Murad, convincing him that together they could remove Dara and Shuja and place Murad on the throne. Aurangzeb disavowed any plans to rule himself, claiming that his only ambition was to make the hajj to Mecca. Later in 1658 as the combined armies of Murad and Aurangzeb moved north toward the capital, Shah Jahan recovered his health. Dara, who had crowned himself regent, stepped aside. The three younger brothers refused to believe that Shah Jahan was well, though, and converged on Agra, where they defeated Daras army. Dara fled north but was betrayed by a Baluchi chieftain and brought back to Agra in June 1659. Aurangzeb had him executed for apostasy from Islam and presented his head to their father. Shuja also fled to Arakan (Burma) and was executed there. Meanwhile, Aurangzeb had his former ally Murad executed on trumped-up murder charges in 1661. In addition to disposing of all of his rival brothers, the new Mughal Emperor placed his father under house arrest in Agra Fort. Shah Jahan lived there for eight years, until 1666. He spent most of his time in bed, gazing out the window at the Taj Mahal. The Reign of Aurangzeb Aurangzebs 48-year reign is often cited as a Golden Age of the Mughal Empire, but it was rife with trouble and rebellions. Although Mughal rulers from Akbar the Great through Shah Jahan practiced a remarkable degree of religious tolerance and were great patrons of the arts, Aurangzeb reversed both of these policies. He practiced a much more orthodox, even fundamentalist version of Islam, going so far as to outlaw music and other performances in 1668. Both Muslims and Hindus were forbidden to sing, play musical instruments, or to dance- a serious damper on the traditions of both faiths in India. Aurangzeb also ordered the destruction of Hindu temples, although the exact number is not known. Estimates range from under 100 to tens of thousands. In addition, he ordered the enslavement of Christian missionaries. Aurangzeb expanded Mughal rule both north and south, but his constant military campaigns and religious intolerance rankled many of his subjects. He did not hesitate to torture and kill prisoners of war, political prisoners, and anyone he considered un-Islamic. To make matters worse, the empire became over-extended and Aurangzeb imposed ever higher taxes in order to pay for his wars. The Mughal army was never able to completely quash Hindu resistance in the Deccan, and the Sikhs of northern Punjab rose up against Aurangzeb repeatedly throughout his reign. Perhaps most worryingly for the Mughal emperor, he relied heavily on Rajput warriors, who by this time formed the backbone of his southern army and were faithful Hindus. Although they were displeased with his policies, they did not abandon Aurangzeb during his lifetime, but they revolted against his son as soon as the emperor died. Perhaps the most disastrous revolt of all was the Pashtun Rebellion of 1672–1674. Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, came from Afghanistan to conquer India, and the family had always relied upon the fierce Pashtun tribesmen of Afghanistan and what is now Pakistan to secure the northern borderlands. Charges that a Mughal governor was molesting tribal women sparked a revolt among the Pashtuns, which led to a complete breakdown of control over the northern tier of the empire and its critical trade routes. Death On March 3, 1707, the 88-year-old Aurangzeb died in central India. He left an empire stretched to the breaking point and riddled with rebellions. Under his son Bahadur Shah I, the Mughal Dynasty began its long, slow decline into oblivion, which finally ended when the British sent the last emperor into exile in 1858  and established the British Raj in India. Legacy Emperor Aurangzeb is considered to be the last of the Great Mughals. However, his ruthlessness, treachery, and intolerance surely contributed to the weakening of the once-great empire. Perhaps Aurangzebs early experiences of being held hostage by his grandfather and being constantly overlooked by his father warped the young princes personality. Certainly, the lack of a specified line of succession did not make family life particularly easy. The brothers must have grown up knowing that one day they would have to fight one another for power. In any case, Aurangzeb was a fearless man who knew what he had to do in order to survive. Unfortunately, his choices left the Mughal Empire itself far less able to fend off foreign imperialism in the end. Sources Ikram, S.M, Ed. Ainslie T. Embree.  Muslim Civilization in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.Spear, T.G. Percival. â€Å"Aurangzeb.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 27 Feb. 2019.Truschke, Audrey. â€Å"The Great Aurangzeb Is Everybodys Least Favourite Mughal.†Ã‚  Aeon, 4 Apr. 2019.